Turkish

Notes

• The consonant [G] corresponds to orthographic and historical ğ. In many kinds of modern pronunciation, it may correspond
  • when final, to the simple lengthening of the vowel;
  • when adjacent to [u], to a weak [w], as in [soGuk] 'cold';
  • or, between front vowels, to a weak [j], as in [eGer] 'if'.
• Lengthening not due to historical ğ is also found, but only in loanwords. It is shown as [:].
• The consonant /r/ is usually pronounced as a tap. However some speakers pronounce it as an approximant when it is syllable-final, as in [bArdAk] bardak 'glass'.
• Both /l/ and /r/ are devoiced before a voiceless consonant or when phrase-final, as in [belci] belki 'maybe', [adZar] acar 'bold'. Fricatives are partially devoiced in phrase-final position.
• Some speakers have a glottal stop, [?], in certain words of Arabic origin, as [sA?At] saat 'watch'.
• Most consonants can be geminated. Geminate /rr/ is a trill.
• Stress is usually on the last syllable of a word. In compounds, it is usually on the last syllable of the leading word. There are exceptions. In the keywords above, stress is shown only on words of one syllable. These stress placements may change when suffixes are attached.

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