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- V The usual symbol used to represent any vowel.
- Variable See Greek letter variable.
- Velar [ˈviːlə]
The name of a place of articulation. The active
articulator is the tongue back and the passive
articulator is the soft palate. [k g ŋ x]
are examples of velar sounds.
- Velaric airstream mechanism [viːˈlærɪk]
See airstream mechanism.
- Velarisation [ˌviːləraɪˈzeɪʃn] (adj. velarised) The name of a secondary articulation involving the addition of a high back tongue position to a primary articulation. [ɫ] is an example of a velarised sound. An alternative way of symbolising velarisation is to add the diacritic [ˠ] after the relevant symbol, for example [dˠ] represents a velarised voiced alveolar plosive.
- Velar softening The name of a phonological process which accounts
for the alternation between velar stops and coronal fricatives/affricates.
An example from English: [k] ~ [ʃ] in magic ~ magician.
- Velic closure [ˈviːlɪk]
A closure formed by raising the soft palate so that its
rear face contacts the rear wall of the pharynx. Velic
closure prevents airflow into the nasal cavity.
Distinguish velar closure, which is a
closure formed by the back of the tongue contacting the
underside of the soft palate. An alternative term is velopharyngeal closure.
- Velopharyngeal See velic closure.
- Velum [ˈviːləm] See soft palate.
- Ventricular folds [venˈtrɪkjələ] See
false vocal folds.
- Ventricular voice See harsh
voice.
- Vestibular folds [veˈstɪbjələ] See
false vocal folds.
- Verner's law Discovered in 1876 by Karl Verner, the law
deals with apparent exceptions to Grimm's law.
A number of words which Grimm's law predicts should have voiceless
fricatives in Germanic languages, actually have voiced ones. For
examples, the intervocalic fricative in English father. Verner
noticed that all the exceptions were intervocalic and that moreover they
were preceded by an unstressed vowel in Proto-Indo-European.
- Vocal cords (Formerly
sometimes chords). Same as vocal folds.
- Vocal folds Two bands of tissue made up of a ligament, muscle and mucous membrane, attached to the inner surface of the apex of the thyroid cartilage and to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages. Their vibration is known as voice or phonation.
- Vocal fry Another name for creaky
voice.
- Vocalised [ˈvəʊkəlaɪzd] Produced as a vowel-like sound rather than as a consonant. An example is the use of a vowel in the region of [o] in some accents of English in place of [ɫ].
- Vocal processes The forward-pointing protrusions of the arytenoid cartilages which are inserted into the vocal folds.
- Vocal tract The cavities in the head and neck associated with the production of speech. These are: the oral cavity, the nasal cavity and the pharynx.
- Vocoid [ˈvəʊkɔɪd]
A term introduced by Pike to denote a sound which is
produced with a vocal tract configuration where there is
no complete closure and no stricture close enough to
cause friction. The term is the opposite of contoid.
- Voiced Produced with vocal fold vibration or with short (or zero) voice onset time.
- Voiceless Produced without vocal fold vibration.
- Voice onset time Often abbreviated to VOT. The period of time from the burst of a plosive to the onset of vocal fold vibration. In negative VOT (also called voicing lead) the onset of vocal fold vibration occurs before the plosive burst). In zero VOT, the burst and voicing onset are more or less simultaneous. In positive VOT (also called voicing lag) there is an appreciable delay after the burst before the vocal folds start vibrating. VOT is a major cue to the voicing status of plosives. Languages divide the VOT continuum in different ways to signal voicing. For example, French voiced plosives usually have negative VOT and the voiceless ones zero VOT. In most varieties of English voiced plosives have zero VOT and voiceless ones an appreciable positive VOT.
- Voice quality See phonation type
- VOT The usual abbreviation for voice onset time.
- Vowel A vocoid segment which occupies the nucleus of a syllable.
- Vowel harmony A constraint on the co-occurrence of vowel sounds within some domain, usually the word. There are many different vowel harmony systems in the world's languages. A fairly common pattern involves (1) lip rounding: all the vowels in a word must be rounded or else they must all be unrounded and (2) backness: front and back vowels are not allowed to occur together in the same word. Examples of vowel harmony languages are Hungarian, Kirghiz and Turkish.
- Vowel quality The perceptual impression made by a vowel sound. The articulatory determinants of vowel quality are usually reckoned to be tongue height, location of the high point of the tongue and lip position. Other factors such as nasality, duration, and phonation type are not usually reckoned be part of a vowel's quality.
- Vowel reduction The replacement of a vowel by [ə] or by a vowel closer to [ə], usually triggered by the unstressed nature of the syllable concerned.
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